journal article

Cognitive warfare: an ethical analysis

Abstract

This article characterises the nature of cognitive warfare and its use of disinformation and computational propaganda and its political and military purposes in war and in conflict short of war. It discusses both defensive and offensive measures to counter cognitive warfare and, in particular, measures that comply with relevant moral principles. © 2023, The Author(s).

Author keywords

cognitive warfare, computational propaganda, disinformation, freedom of communication, liberal democracy, necessity, proportionality